Linux - Wikipedia. Linux. Tux the penguin, mascot of Linux. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel. The underlying source code may be used, modified and distributed.
Typically, Linux is packaged in a form known as a Linux distribution (or distro for short) for both desktop and server use. Some of the most popular mainstream Linux distributions.
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Distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project, and usually a large amount of application software to fulfil the distribution's intended use. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system, such as X1. Mir or a Wayland implementation, and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or the KDE Software Compilation; some distributions may also include a less resource- intensive desktop, such as LXDE or Xfce. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, and instead include other software to set up and operate a solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use. History. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1. C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (with exceptions to the kernel and I/O).
The availability of a high- level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, AT& T was required to license the operating system's source code to anyone who asked. In 1. 98. 4, AT& T divested itself of Bell Labs; freed of the legal obligation requiring free licensing, Bell Labs began selling Unix as a proprietary product. The GNU Project, started in 1.
Richard Stallman, has the goal of creating a . By the early 1. 99. Unix shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although low- level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete.
Torvalds has also stated that if 3. BSD had been available at the time, he probably would not have created Linux.
Tanenbaum, a computer science professor, and released in 1. Unix- like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn the operating system principles. Although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April 2. Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on Linux systems. Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license, which prohibited commercial redistribution, to the GNU GPL. During the start of his work on the system, some of the project's makefiles included the name .
Torvalds had already considered the name . Ari Lemmke, Torvald's coworker at the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT), who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that . So, he named the project . Commercial use followed when Dell and IBM, followed by Hewlett- Packard, started offering Linux support to escape Microsoft's monopoly in the desktop operating system market. Linux gaming is also on the rise with Valve showing its support for Linux and rolling out its own gaming oriented Linux distribution. Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments, such as the federal government of Brazil. These third- party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both kernel modules and user applications and libraries.
Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non- GNU components, with additional package management software in the form of Linux distributions. A Linux- based system is a modular Unix- like operating system, deriving much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1. Such a system uses a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles process control, networking, access to the peripherals, and file systems. Device drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel, or added as modules that are loaded while the system is running. The GNU userland is an important part of most Linux- based systems, providing the most common implementation of the C library, a popular CLIshell, and many of the common Unix tools which carry out many basic operating system tasks.
The graphical user interface (or GUI) used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of the X Window System.